Smart Education

03. water resources:

दिसंबर 19, 2023 CBSE Social Science No comments

Water : The three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water, but very small percentage of fresh water is usable to us.
This freshwater is mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water which is continually renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle. Hence water is a renewable resource.
Water Scarcity : The lack of fresh water as compared to demand in a region is known as water Scarcity
Causes of Water Scarcity
(i) Over-exploitationof water resources : Water scarcity is caused by over-exploitation of water, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups .
(ii) Growing population : A large population requires more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. Hence, water resources are being over-exploited. Most of the Indian cities are facing the problem of water due to growing population.
(iii) Industrialization and Urbanization: Industries are heavy users of water and also require power to run them. This power comes from hydroelectric power. Therefore the ever-increasing number of industries has exerting pressure on freshwater resources.

Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have added to water and energy requirements

Large-scale migration from rural to urban areas is causing over exploitation of water resources.

(iv) Water Pollution : Where water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people, but, the area still suffering from water scarcity due to bad quality of water.

Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)

Government of India Launched Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) to provide safe and adequate drinking water in rual areas through individual household tap connections.
The Goal of JJM is to supply of 55 litres of water per person per day to every rural household.
Hydraulic Structures.
Hydraulic structures are constructed to store flowing water or reduce the speed of its flow or redirect its path.
Such structures have been constructed since ancient times to conserve water
For Examples dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation.
Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India
A well-developed water harvesting system was constructed during the first century BCE in Srigaverapura near Prayagraj to channelise the floodwater of river Ganga.
Dams, lakes, and irrigation systems were constructed during the rule of Chandragupta Maurya.
Evidences of well-planned irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga, (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra)
In the 11th century, the largest artificial lake of its time was built in Bhopal.
Hauz Khas tank in Delhi was constructed by Iltumish for water supply to the Siri Fort area.
Multipurpose Projects
Projects which is fulfils more than one purposes at the same time is called multipupurpose projects.

Advantages of multi-purpose river projects
1. Electricity generation
2. Irrigation
3. Flood control
4. Fish breeding
5.Recreation
6. Water supply for domestic and industrial uses
Disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects
1. Community displacement : Displaces the local people of the place where it is created. Tribal communities are worst affected by dam projects.
2. Effect on sediment flow : The natural flow of water is disturbed by the multipurpose project. Due to this sediment flow become shlow and sediments are deposited in the resevevoir
3. Effect on aquatic life : Habitats of aquatic life is destroyed due to excessive sedimentation in river beds. Dams fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate
4. Inter-state water disputes : Large projects on rivers have been the cause of dispute between many states. Inter-state water disputes regarding sharing of costs and benefits of multi-purpose projects are increasing. Ex. Krishna-Godavari dispute (Between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh )

5. Flooding: The dams that were constructed to control floods, have flooded due to sedimentation in their reservoir. The big dams are unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall. Floods not only cause loss of life and property but also cause large-scale soil erosion.
6. Effect on Environmental : Multipurpose projects have caused harm to the environment. Large dams have been the cause of many new environmental movementssuch as the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’
Dams as Multipurpose Projects
A dam is a wall or a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow of water. Dams are create reservoirs or lakes.
Dams can be classified on the basis of structure and height.
Based on structure dams can be classified as timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams
Based on the height, dams can be classified as large dams and major dams or alternatively as low height dams, medium height dams and high dams.
Dam water is used for more than one purpose such as irrigation, water conservation, electricity generation, flood control, fish breeding, etc. Hence, dams are knownt as multi-purpose projects .
For example: Bhakra Nangal dam on the Satluj Beas river basin is used for both irrigation and hydel power generation.
Hirakund Project on Mahanadi basin helps conservation of water and flood control.
Sardar Sarovar Dam : Sardar Sarovar Dam has been built over the Narmada River in Gujarat.
This is one of the largest water resource projects of India covering four states—Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan.
The Sardar Sarovar project built to meet the requirement of water in drought-prone and desert areas of Gujaratand Rajasthan

Narmada Bachao Andolan

Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is an Indian social movement.

Narmada Bachao Andolan is a Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) that mobilised tribal, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat

It originally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the dam water.

Recently it has re-focused to providing rehabilitation facilities to poor citizens and displaced people from the government.

Dams As Temples of Modern India
Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modem India’, Because the dams would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.
Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is a method to collect and store the rain water for future use.

Needs/Objective of the rainwater harvesting

(i) To recharge groundwater levels.

(ii) To make water availablility.

(iii) To avoid the flooding of roads.

(iv) To improve the quality of groundwater.

(v) To reduces water scarcity.

(vi) To reduces soil erosion

(vii) To reduce surface run off

Traditional Methods of Water Harvesting

Diversion channels : People built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture in hilly regions.

Johads and Khadins : In arid and semi-arid regions of rajasthan agricultural fields are used for storing rainwater. The water is allowed to stand in these fields, which moistens the soil. They are known as johads in some parts of Rajasthan and khadins in Jaisalmer.

Inundation channels : These are long canals constructed from rivers In the flood plains of Bengal that carry excess water to agricultural fields during heavy rains and floods

Rooftop rainwater harvesting : ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly used to store drinking water in Rajasthan.

In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Badmer, all the houses had underground tanks or ‘tankas’ built inside the house for storing drinking water.

They are the best traditional methods to harvest rainwater.

They are connected to the roofs of the houses through a pipe

The rainwater through the pipe is stored in these underground ‘tankas’.

Many houses constructed underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat to keep the room cool.

Bamboo Drip Irrigation System :

Bamboo Drip Irrigation is one of the ancient irrigation systems .

Bamboo Drip Irrigation System is a 200 year old system which is used in Meghalaya.

This is a system of tapping stream and spring water using bamboo pipes. The water reaches the target plant in the form of droplets

The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions.

The bamboo drip irrigation system is based on gravity

18-20 litres of water flowing through the entire network, gets reduced to 18 to 20 drops per minute at the end of the network

Tamil Nadu is the first state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

Name any one river valley project which has significantly contributed to the loss of forests.
Sardar Sarovar Dam
How much of the earth’s surface is covered with water
Three-fourth
Which largest artificial lake was built in 11th century?
Bhopal lake.
Write the major sources of freshwater in India?
1. Ground water 2. Surface waters
In which state Bamboo Drip Irrigation is prevalent?
Meghalaya.
In which region, people built ‘Guls’ or ‘Kuls’ for irrigation?
Western Himalayas.
On which river Bhakhra Nangal Dam has been constructed?
River Satluj.
On which river has the Hirakud Dam been constructed?
River Mahanadi.
On which river has the Tehri Dam been constructed?
River Ganga.
What is the contribution of hydroelectricity in the total generation of electricity ?
22%
Which river is known as the ‘River of Sorrow’?
Damodar river.
Name the river on which Sardar Sarovar dam is built.
Sardar Sarovar dam is built on the Narmada.
In which regions the release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the food situation in 2006?
Maharashtra and Gujarats
In which pasts of India Khadins and Johads are built?
Rajasthan
Which water is recharged by roof-top rainwater harvesting technique?
Ground water.
Which sate of India has a system of inundation canals to irrigate their felds?
West Bengal
Name the first and the only state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state.
Tamil Nadu
How has Shillong solved the problem of acute shortage of water ?
Bamboo drip irrigation systems and Roof top rain water harvesting.
What is water scarcity
The lack of fresh water as compared to demand in a region is known as water Scarcity
What is a dam
A dam is a wall or a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow of water.
How has Tamil Nadu solved the problem of acute shortage of water ?
Tamil Nadu has solved the problem of acute shortage of water by rooftop water harvesting techniques.
Which sates are involved in the Krishna-Godavari dispute?
Kamstaka and Andhra Pradesh.
Define the term Tankas.
Tankas are the Underground tank built inside the house for storing drinking water in semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan
Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
Surface water evaporates to forms clouds, and returns to the surface in the form of rain.Thus Water is continually renewed and recharged through the hydrological cycle. Hence water is a renewable resource.
What is a multipurpose river valley project? Name any two Multipurpose Projects of India.
Projects which is fulfils more than one purposes at the same time is called multipupurpose projects.
(i) Bhakra Nangal Project
(ii) Hirakund Project
Name two social movements which were against the multipurpose projects. Who are benefitted from such projects

Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam Andolan.
The landowners and large farmers, industrialists are benefitted from such projects
Name two techniques of rooftop rainwater harvesting?
(i) Recharge through Hand Pump
(ii) Recharge through Abandoned Dugwel
What was considered as a viable alternative to the multipurpose projects and why ?
Due to the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multipurpose projects, water harvesting system is a viable alternative socio-economically and environmentally.
Who proclaimed the dams as the temples of modern India ? Give reason.
Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modem India’, Because the dams would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.
1. Development of agriculture
2. Growth of the urban and village economy.
3. Rapid industrialisation
How has irrigation changed the cropping pattern? What is its impact on the ecological and social landscape ?
Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifted to water intensive and commercial crops.
Impact on social landscape:- This transformation has increased the social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor.
Impact on ecological landscape : It has resulted in ecological problems like salinisation of the soil.
Write the features of the ‘tankas’ built in the houses of Bikaner, Phalodi and Banner.
(i) The tankas could be as large as a big room;
(ii) The tankas were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
(iii) The tankas were built inside the main house or the courtyard.
(iv) The tankas were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
(v) The rainwater can be stored in the tankas
“Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population”. Justify.
(i) A large population requires more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. Hence, water resources are being over-exploited.
(ii) Most of the Indian cities are facing the problem of water due to growing population. .
Mention any four main objectives of multi -purpose river valley projects.
1. Electricity generation
2. Irrigation
3. Flood control
4. Fish breeding
5.Recreation
6. Water supply for domestic and industrial uses
Explain three ways in which irrigation schemes have changed the social landscape of the region.
(i) Social gap between rich and poor : it has transformed the social landscape i.e. It has increased the social gap between the rich landowners and the landless poor
(ii) Social movements : Multipurpose projects and large dams have been the cause of many new social movements like the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’, etc.
(iii) Displacement of the local people : Local people often had to give up their land, livelihood and their resources for the greater good of the nation.
How have intensive industrialization and urbanization posed a great pressure on existing freshwater resources in India. Explain.
(i) Industries are heavy users of water and also require power to run them. This power comes from hydroelectric power. Therefore the ever-increasing number of industries has exerting pressure on freshwater resources.
(ii) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have added to water requirements. Due to this groundwater is over-exploiting
(iii) Large-scale migration from rural to urban areas is causing over exploitation of water resources.
(iv) Industrial waste and urban waste cause water pollution. Most of the rivers are polluted due to the waste released from cities.
“Multipurpose projects have failed to achieve the purpose for which they were built”. Justify by giving reasons.
(i) The dams that were constructed to control floods, have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoirs.
(ii) The big dams have mostly been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall
(iii) During heavy rainfall the authorities have to release water from dams which leads to flood situation.
(iv) The floods have caused extensive soil erosion.
(v) Multipurpose projects also lead to land degradation.
What is Bamboo Drip Irrigation? Mention any two features of it.
Bamboo Drip Irrigation System is a 200 year old system which is used in Meghalaya.
This is system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipe and transporting water from higher to lower regions through gravity.
Features:
1. 18-20 litres of water flowing through the entire network, gets reduced to 18 to 20 drops per minute at the end of the network
2. The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions.
Why we should conserve our water resources Explain any three reasons.
(i) The overexploitation of underground water often results in the lowering of water table. So, we should conserve water in order to increase the groundwater level
(ii) The growth of population has resulted in water scarcity.So to prevent the scarcity of water we should conserve more and more water
(iii) The quality of water is badly affected by domestic and industrial wastes, pesticides, and fertilizers, So,we must ensure the conservation of water resources to safeguard our health.
“Water is a very important and critcal resousce in India.” Support the statement by explaining any three points.”
Or What is importance of water ?
(i) Water is a basic need of life for survival of living things.
(ii) Water is used for hydro electricity production.
(iii) Water is used for agricultural purposes.
(iv) Water is used for domestic purposes – Cooking, Drinking, Washing.
(v)Used in manufacturing industries.
(vi) Water is used for transportation.
(vii) In industries water is used as a coolant.
Why is groundwater a highly overused resource?
Groundwater is a highly overused resource because of the following reasons:
(i) Ground water is over-exploited to meet the high demand of water for driking and domestic purpose due to population growth.
(ii) Groundwater is also over-exploited for irrigation purpose for higher food grain production for large population .
(iii) Groundwater is also over-exploited for various purposes in industries due to Industrialization.
How do increasing number of industries exert pressure on existing freshwater resources ?
(i) Large amount of water is used in Industries for industrial purpose.
(ii) Industries require power to run, which is obtained from hydro-electric power.
(iii) Most of the Indian rivers are polluted due to toxic chemicals which are released by industries.
(iv) Industries release harmful chemicals which cause water pollution
Why is rooftop rainwater harvesting important in Rajasthan? Explain.
(i) The rainwater stored in tankas is an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up.
(ii) The rainwater which is clled "palar pani" in rajasthan is considered the purest form of natural water.
(iii) Many houses construct underground rooms adjoining the ‘tanka’ to beat the summer heat as it would keep the room cool.
(iv) There is lack of perennial rivers in Rajasthan.
(v) The rainfall is not reliable in this region.
Why are different water harvesting systems considered a viable alternative both socio-economically and environmentally in a country like India?
(i) Water harvesting is a very cheap and affordable method of conservation of water.
(ii) Rainwater harvesting techniques are more environmental friendly as compare to multipurpose river projects.
(iii) Indian people have a thorough understanding of rainfall patterns and soil types. So they have developed techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and water needs.
Highlight any three hydraulic structures as part of water management programmes initiated in ancient India along with the period when they were built.
1. A well-developed water harvesting system was constructed during the first century BCE in Srigaverapura near Prayagraj to channelise the floodwater of river Ganga.
2. Dams, lakes, and irrigation systems were constructed during the rule of Chandragupta Maurya.
3. In the 11th century, the largest artificial lake of its time was built in Bhopal.
4. In 14th Century Hauz Khas tank in Delhi was constructed by Iltumish for water supply to the Siri Fort area .
How has agriculture aggravated the problem of water scarcity in India ? Explain.
(i) Irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer of water.
(ii) A large population requires more water to produce more food. Hence, to higher food production, water resources are being over-exploited.
(iii) Due to irrigation facilities many farmers have shifted to water intensive and commercial crops. These crrops need more water as compared to traditional crops.
(iv) Ground water level is falling due to excessive use of ground water for irrigation.
What is rainwater harvesting ? What are the need /objectives of the rain water harvesting ?
Rainwater harvesting is a method to collect and store the rain water for future use.
Needs/Objective of the rainwater harvesting
(i) To recharge groundwater levels.
(ii) To make water availablility.
(iii) To avoid the flooding of roads.
(iv) To improve the quality of groundwater.
(To reduce ground water pollution)
(v) To reduces water scarcity.
(vi) To reduces soil erosion
(vii) To reduce surface run off
Explain the ecological problems being faced due to the multi-purpose river projects.
(i) Due to excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir the habitats of aquatic life are destroyed. The construction of the project destroys with natural habitat of the animals, birds and wild animals
(ii) Dams also fragment rivers which makes migration of aquatic organisms difficult.
(iii) The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains submerge the existing vegetation and soil
(iv) Irrigation has also changed cropping patterns in many areas and farmers are shifting to water-intensive and commercial crops. This has caused major ecological problems like soil salinity.
What are the advantages/merits and disadvantages/demerits of multi-purpose river projects.
Advantages:
1. These are the main source of power generation.
2. These projects control the floods
3. These projects are the main source of irrigation
4. These projects are provide water for domestic and industrial uses.
5. These projects provide recreation/Tourism facilities
6. These projects are helpful in fish breeding
Disadvantages
1. These projects affect the natural flow of water.
2. These projects lead to large-scale displacements
3. These projects bring changes in cropping pattern
4. These projects adversely affect on aquatic life
5. They fail to control floods during excessive rainfall.
6. These projects lead to Interstate water disputes
Describe any four traditional methods of rainwater harvesting adopted in different parts of India.
“Rainwater harvesting system is viable alternative both socially, economically and environmentally”. Support the statement with three examples
1. Johads and Khadins : In arid and semi-arid regions of rajasthan agricultural fields are used for storing rainwater. The water is allowed to stand in these fields, which moistens the soil. They are known as johads in some parts of Rajasthan and khadins in Jaisalmer.
2. Inundation channels : These are long canals constructed from rivers In the flood plains of Bengal that carry excess water to agricultural fields during heavy rains and floods
3. Tankas : ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly used to store drinking water in Rajasthan. In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Badmer, all the houses had underground tanks or ‘tankas’ built inside the house for storing drinking water. They are connected to the roofs of the houses through a pipe The rainwater through the pipe is stored in these underground ‘tankas’.
4, Guls and Kuls : People built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture in hilly regions.
What are the factors which are responcible for the scarcity of water in India ?
(i) Over-exploitation of water resources: Water scarcity is caused by over-exploitation of water, excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups. Large-scale migration from rural to urban areas is causing over exploitation of water resources.
(ii) Growing population : A large population requires more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food. Hence, water resources are being over-exploited. Most of the Indian cities are facing the problem of water due to growing population.
(iii) Industrialization and Urbanization: Industries are heavy users of water and also require power to run them. This power comes from hydroelectric power. Therefore the ever-increasing number of industries has exerting pressure on freshwater resources.
Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have added to water and energy requirements
(iv) Water Pollution : Where water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people, but, the area still suffering from water scarcity due to bad quality of water.
Is it possible that an area or region may have ample water resources but is still facing water scarcity Explain with the help of three relevant examples.
Yes, it is possible that an area or region may have ample water resources but is still facing water scarcity. Most of our cities are facing this problem due to bad quality of water .
(i) In most of our cities there is no shortage of water But it gets polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, which is unfit for consumption.
(ii) Most of our cities are in the banks of rivers, but rivers have been turned into toxic streams due to polution.
(iii) Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water, and unequal access to it

02 Forest and Wildlife Resources

दिसंबर 17, 2023 CBSE Social Science No comments

Biodiversity or Biological Diversity : The variety of flora and fauna in a given geographical area is called biodiversity of that area.
India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity, and has nearly 7.5% of the total number of species in the world .
Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India
The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 :
The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972
Various provisions for protecting of wildlife's natural habitats in this act.
An all India list of protected species was published to protect the endangered species.
Hunting and trade of wildlife banned to give legal protection to their habitat.
Various national parks and wildlife sanctuaries was established by central and state governments.
The central government launched several projects for protecting critically endangered species.
The Indian elephant, black buck , godawan and the snow leopard have been given full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade throughout India.
Project Tiger
The Project Tiger was launched in 1973 from the Corbett National Park of Uttarakhand
The main purpose of this project was conserving tigers in their natural habitats.
Poaching for trade, habitat loss and increasing human population are major threats to tiger populations. Therefore, the Government of India launched the Project Tiger programme to protect the natural habitat of tigers and stop to hunting.
Tiger reserves of India.
Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand)
Sunderbans National Park (West Bengal)
Bandhavgarh National Park (Madhya Pradesh)
Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary (Rajasthan)
Manas Tiger Reserve (Assam)
Periyar Tiger Reserve (Kerala)
Types and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources
These are classified under the following categories.
(i) Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable.
Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forests.
(ii) Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest. Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan have large percentages of protected forests.
(iii) Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities. All North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forests eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests managed by local communities.

Community and Conservatio
‘Sariska Tiger Reserve’ is situated in Rajasthan, here villagers have fought against mining activities and protecting the natural habitat of wildlife.
The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, They declared their own set of rules and regulations in this area. Hunting is not allowed in this area and they are protecting the wildlife against outside encroachments.
Chipko movement by locals in Himalayas successfully resisted the deforestation.
The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua and kadamba trees,
The tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind and mango trees during weddings.
Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have proved that production of diversified crops without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable.
Joint Forest Management (JFM): This programme has been in formal existence since 1988 in Odisha . Joint forest management (JFM) is a program in which there is partnership between the state forest departments and the local communities. It is a good example for involving local Communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests. JFM undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return, the community members are entitled to benefits like non-timber forest produce and share in the timber harvested by successful protection.

Which state has the largest area permanent forests?
Madhya Pradesh
What was the aim of Chipko movement ?
Forest conservation
Which category of forests are mostly found in the north-eastern states?
unclassified forest
In which state is Periyar Tiger Reserve located?
Kerala
Who are considered primary producers in the ecosystem?
Forest
What was the main objective of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act?
To protect the remaining populations of some endangered species.
Which tree is worshiped by the Mundas and Santhals of Chhota Nagpur region?
Mahua
In which state has Joint Forest Management started?
Odisha
Give the full form of IUCN, JFM.
IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
JFM: Joint Forest Management
Mention any two factors responsible for depleting our forests and wildlife.

(i) Expansion of agriculture (ii) Mining
What are permanent forests?
Reserved and protected forests are together called as permanent forests
How are forests classified under different categories? Explain with examples.
What is Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’?
The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, They declared their own set of rules and regulations in this area. Hunting is not allowed in this area and they are protecting the wildlife against outside encroachments.
Enumerate the features of Joint Forest Management Programme
1. This programme came into existence since 1988 in Odisha .
2. Joint forest management (JFM) is a program in which there is partnership between the state forest department and the local communities.
3. It is a good example for involving local Communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.
4. JFM undertake protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return, the community members are entitled to benefits like non-timber forest produce and share in the timber harvested
What is biodiversity ? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
The variety of flora and fauna in a given geographical area is called biodiversity of that area.
Humans along with all living organisms form a complex web of ecological system in which humans are only a part and very much dependent on this system for our own existence. Hence, biodiversity is important for human lives.
Describe the Project Tiger launched by the Indian government.
(i) The Project Tiger was launched in 1973 from the Corbett National Park of Uttarakhand
(ii) The main purpose of this project was conserving tigers in their natural habitats.
(iii) Poaching for trade, habitat loss and increasing human population are major threats to tiger populations. Therefore, the Government of (v) India launched the Project Tiger programme to protect the natural habitat of tigers and stop to hunting.
(vi) This is one of the success stories of wildlife conservation in the whole world.
When was the Indian Wildlife Protection Act implemented? Describe its main objectives.
The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972
1. Hunting and trade of wildlife banned to give legal protection to their habitat
2. Various national parks and wildlife sanctuaries was established by central and state governments.
3. The central government launched several projects for protecting critically endangered species.
4. An all India list of protected species was published to protect the endangered species.
How are forests classified under different categories? Explain with examples.

These are classified under the following categories.
(i) Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land has been declared reserved forests. Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable.
Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved forests.
(ii) Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest. Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan have large percentages of protected forests.
(iii) Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities. All North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed forests eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests managed by local communities.
Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?

(i) ‘Sariska Tiger Reserve’ is situated in Rajasthan, here villagers have fought against mining activities and protecting the natural habitat of wildlife.
(ii) The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, They declared their own set of rules and regulations in this area. Hunting is not allowed in this area and they are protecting the wildlife against outside encroachments.
(iii) Chipko movement by locals in Himalayas successfully resisted the deforestation.
(iv) The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua and kadamba trees,
(v) The tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind and mango trees during weddings.
(vi) Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have proved that production of diversified crops without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable.
Describe the steps taken by the government to protect the species from becoming extinct.
Or Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.
The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972
Hunting and trade of wildlife banned to give legal protection to their habitat.
Various national parks and wildlife sanctuaries was established by central and state governments.
The central government launched several projects for protecting critically endangered species. “Project Tiger” was lounched in 1973 by the government of India to protect tigers

01 Resources and development G

दिसंबर 15, 2023 CBSE Social Science No comments

Resource : Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.
Resources are a function of human activities.
Human beings themselves are essential components of resources.
They transform material available in our environment into resources and use them.
Classification of Resource
(a) On the basis of origin – Biotic and Abiotic
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility – Renewable and Non-renewable
(c) On the basis of ownership – Individual, Community, National and International
(d) On the basis of status of development – Potential, Developed stock and Reserves.
Development of Resources :
Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality of life.
Resources are free gifts of nature.
Resources were indiscriminately by human beings because of which some major problems arise:
Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
Accumulation of resource in few hands which have divided the society into two segments - haves resources and have not resources
Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global warming , ozone layer depletion , environmental pollution and land degration .
Therefore, a fair distribution of resources therefore is essential for a sustained quality of life and global peace.
Sustainable development
Sustainable Development is the kind of development that meets the needs and demands of the present generation without compromising the availability of resources for future generations and without harming the natural resources and environment.
Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992
The first International Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992.
This Summit was convened for addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic development at the global level.
Agenda 21
It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Agenda 21 was adopted at first International Earth Summit held in 1992 at Rio de Janerio Brazil.
It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.
Its aims is to achieve global sustainable development.
One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.
Resources Planning
Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. It is important in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.
There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources.
There are some regions which can be considered self sufficient in terms of the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
For example
Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development.
The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.
The cold desert of Ladakh has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals.
Process of Resource planning
Resource planning is a complex process which involves :
(i) identification and inventory of resources- This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
(ii) To develop a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
Conservation of Resources:
Irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation is important.
Gandhiji expressed his concern about resource conservation in these words “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.”
According to Gandhiji the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology are responsible for resource depletion at the global level.
He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.
Conservation of Resources at international level
The Club of Rome advocated resource conservation for the first time in a more systematic way in 1968.
In 1974, Gandhian philosophy was once again presented by Schumacher in his book "Small is Beautiful".
The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the
Brundtland Commission Report, 1987 introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ and advocated it as a means for resource conservation which was subsequently published in a book entitled Our Common Future.
Another significant contribution was made at the Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.
Land Resources
The land is a natural resource of utmost importance.
About 43 % of the land area of india is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry.
About 30 % of the land area of india is mountainous which ensure flow of some rivers and provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects
About 27 %of the area of the country is the plateau region which is rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.
Land Utilisation :
Land resources are used for the following purposes:
1. Forests : Areas demarcated by the government where forests can develop.
2. Land not available for cultivation
(i) Barren and Wastelands : The land which cannot be brought under cultivation with the available technology.
(ii) Land put to Non-agricultural Uses : This type of land is used to build settlements, infrastructure, industries, shops, etc.
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
(i) Permanent pastures and grazing land : It includes all types of grazing land. Most of this type of land is owned by the Gram Panchayat or the Government.
(ii) Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops and Groves : The land under
orchards and fruit trees are included in this category. This land is not included in the net sown area.
(ii) Cultruable waste land : Land which is left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years
4. Fallow lands
(i) Current fallow- Land which is left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year
(ii) Other than current fallow- Land which is left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years.
5. Net Area Sown: The physical extent of land on which crops are sown and harvested is known as net sown area
Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area
Land use pattern in India
The use of land is determined both by physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc.
Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33 per cent of geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952).

Land Degradation :
The decrease in the quality of land due to human and natural activities which makes it unfit for cultivation is known as land degration.
Causes of land degradation :
Mining : Mining sites are left with deep pits and debris after excavation
Overgrazing is the main reasons for land degradation in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
Deforestation (due to mining) is the reasons for land degradation in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha
Mining sites are unused after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening.
Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh,
Due to Over irrigation, salinity and alkalinity of the soil increases.
Industrial effluents : Cement industry and ceramic industry generate dust which settles down on the land and slow the process of infiltration of water into the soil.
Measures for Land conservation in arid areas :
Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
Planting of shelter belts of plants
Control on overgrazing
Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes .
Control on mining activities.
Proper management of waste lands
Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents
Soil As A Resource
Soil is a renewable natural resource but takes millions of years to form soil upto a few cm in depth .
The soil is a living system.
Relief, parent rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil.
Soil consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials
Classification of Soils
Alluvial Soils
This is the most widely spread and important soil.
Alluvial soils are very fertile.
The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil which have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
This soil is found in a narrow corridor in Rajasthan and Gujarat and also in the delta of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers.
On the basis of age , alluvial soil can be classified into two parts.
Old alluvial (Bangar) - It has higher concentration of kanker nodules
It has more fine particles
It is more fertile than the bangar.
New alluvial (Khadar) -It has less concentration of kanker nodules
It has less fine particles than the bangar.
It is less fertile than the bangar.
Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for sugarcane, paddy, wheat and pulse crops.
Black Soil :
These soils are black in colour and are also known as regur soils.
Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black
cotton soil.
Black soil is typical of the north-western region of Deccan Traps (basalt) and is made up of lava flows.
Black soil is majorly found on plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
The black soils are made up of extremelyfine clayey material and which are known for capacity to hold moisture .
It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime .
During hot weather they develop deep cracks, which helps in proper aeration of the soil.
Red and Yellow Soils
Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau.
Yelllow and red soils are also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.
It looks reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
It looks yellow due to hydrated.
Laterite Soil
Laterite is Latin word ‘later.’ which means brick.
The laterite soil develops under tropical and subtropical climate.

Laterite soils develops in an area with high temperature and heavy rainfall ?

Laterite soils are acidic (pH < 6.0) with low humus content and generally deficient in nutrients.
Lateritic soils mostly occur in southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-east
Red laterite soil in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, is very useful for growing tea and coffee.
Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for cashew nut.
Arid Soils
Arid soils red to brown in colour.
They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
Due to the dry climate and high temperature, soil lacks humus and moisture.
After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable (in western Rajasthan).
Forest Soils
These soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available.
The soils texture varies according to mountain environment where they are formed.
They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.
In the snow covered areas of Himalayas, these soils are acidic with low humus content.
The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.

Soil Erosion
The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is called soil Erosion
The processes of soil formation and erosion continue simultaneously
Caused of soil Erosion :
Deforestation, Over-grazing, Construction and Mining
Soil erosion is also caused due to defective methods of farming. Like Ploughing in a wrong way. Natural forces like wind, glacier and water lead to soil erosion.
Types of Soil Erosion :
Gullie erosion: The running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes deep channels as gullies. The unfit land caused by gullies is called bad land or ravines.
In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.
Sheet erosion: Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. Due to this top soil is washed away.This process is known as sheet erosion.
Wind erosion : Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land known as wind erosion.
Soil Conservation
Contour ploughing : Ploughing along the contour lines on the sloppy regions is called contour ploughing.
Contour plowing slows the flow of water down slopes.
Terrace cultivation : Western and central Himalayas sloped land is successively cut into flat steps for crop cultivation and crops are cultivated on them.
Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.
Strip farming : Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
Shelter belts : Lines of trees are planted to create shelter which is called shelter belt. These shelter belts break the force of wind.
These shelter belts have important role for the stabilization of sand dunes and deserts in western India.

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Which relief features of India has 30 percent of the total surface area of country?
Mountain
Which state has the largest area under black soil?
Maharashtra.
Which soil types is made up of lava flows?
Black soil.
Which regions of India have well developed terrace farming?
Western and central Himalayas
What are resources which are found in a region but have not been utilised called?
Potential resources.
In which states has mining caused severe land degradation?
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.
What is the percentage share of plains in the total land area?
43%.
Which type of soil is most suitable for growing the crop of cashew nut ?
Red Laterite soil
Name the land with deep channels that is unfit for cultivation.
Bad land.
Which cold desert is relatively isolated from the rest of the country?
Ladakh
In which states laterite soil is found?
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
In which states overgrazing is responsible for land degradation?
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
In which states is black soil found?
Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
What is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
Over irrigation.
Which soils develops in an area with high temperature and heavy rainfall ?
Laterite Soil
Which type of soil in India is most widespread and important ?
Alluvial soil
Which soil is ideal for growing cotton?
Regur soil.
How much percentage of forest area is desired in a geographical area to maintain ecological balance as outlined in the National Forest Policy?
33%
How is overgrazing responsible for land degradation in Gujarat ?
Overgrazing →Deforestation →Soil erosion →Land degradation
Gully erosion is common in which basin?
Chambal Basin.
Which soil type is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rainfall ?
Laterite soil.
Who wrote the book ‘Small is Beautiful’?
Schumacher
Which type of soil is found in the river deltas of the Eastern Coast?
Alluvial Soil
Classify resources on the basis of origin.
On the basis of origin – Biotic resources and Abiotic resources.
Classify resources on the basis of exhaustibility
On the basis of exhaustibility – Renewable resources and Non-renewable resources
Give one example of the main commercial crop cultivable in laterite soil.
Cashewnuts/ Tea/Coffee-Any one
Give one example of the Community Owned Resources
Ponds/ Public Parks,/Playgrounds
What are the methods of checking soil erosion?
Strip cropping, terrace farming and contour ploughing.
Read the features of a soil given below and name the related soil.
(i) It consists of properties of sand, silt and clay.
(ii) It is described on the basis of age.
(iii) It is very fertile.
Alluvial Soils
Read the following features of a soil and name the related soil :
(i) Develops in high rainfall area
(ii) Intense leaching process takes place.
(iii) Humus content is low.
Laterite Soil
Read the features of a soil given below and name the related soil.
(i) These soils range from red to brown in colour.
(ii) Generally sandy in Texture and saline.
(iii) Soil lacks humus and moisture.
Arid Soils
How are mining activities responsible for land degradation in Jharkhand ?
Mining → Deforestation → Land degradation
Mining activities also caused deep scars and traces of overburdening
How is cement industry responsible for land degradation?
Grinding limestone for the cement industry generates dust which settles down on the land and slow the process of infiltration of water into the soil.
How is over irrigation responsible for land degradation in Punjab?
Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil.
Match the column - 1 with column - 2 and choose the correct option
Column - 1                Column - 2
(Resources)               (Example)
(I) Biological               1. Coal
(II) Renewable            2. Wildlife
(III) Non-renewable    3. Solar Energy
Column - 1                Column - 2
(Resources)               (Example)
(I) Biological       2. Wild life
(II) Renewable 3. Solar Energy
(III) Non-renewable 1. Coal
Describe any three main features of ‘Alluvial soil’ found in India.
(i) Alluvial soil is widely spread over the northern plains by the three Himalayan river systems - The Indus, The Ganga and The Brahmputra.
(ii) Most fertile soil among all soil types.
(iii) Alluvial soil classified as Bhangar and Khader.
(iv) It contains potash, Phosphoric acid and lime
What is Agenda 21? List its two principles.
Agenda 21is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The two principles are as follows: a. To combat environmental damage, pov¬erty, disease through global cooperation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities. b. Every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.
Describe any three main features of ‘Black soil’ found in India.
(i) Black soil is black in colour and also known as Regur Soil.
(ii) Black soil is well known for its capacity to hold moisture
(iii) It is rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash & lime.
(iv) It is ideal for growing cotton.
(v) It is made up of lava flow
Describe the different steps of ‘resource planning.
Or How is resource planning a complex process? Explain.
(i) dentification and inventory of resources- surveying, mapping,
qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement.
(ii) Evolving a planning structure- appropriate technology, skill and
institutional setup.
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national
development plans.
Match Column 1 (Soil Erosion) with Column 2 (Explanation) and select the correct option from the following :
Column 1               Column 2
A. Gully Erosion  ➥I. Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope
B. Wind Erosion  ➥II. Ploughing in a wrong way i.e., up and down the slope form channels for quick flow of water
C. Sheet Erosion  ➥III. The running water cuts through clayey soils and makes deep channels
D. Defective methods of farming ➥ IV. Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land
A. Gully Erosion ➥III. The running water cuts through clayey soils and makes deep channels
B. Wind Erosion ➥ IV. Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land
C. Sheet Erosion ➥I. Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope
D. Defective methods of farming ➥ II. Ploughing in a wrong way i.e., up and down the slope form channels for quick flow of water
Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar soil.
Bangar - It is an old alluvial soil.
It has higher concentration of kanker nodules
It has more fine particles
It is more fertile than the bangar.
Khadar - It is a new alluvial soil
It has less concentration of kanker nodules
It has less fine particles than the bangar.
It is less fertile than the bangar.
Explain with examples, the ways to solve the problem of land degradation in the Himalayan region.
(i) Contour Ploughing – Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
(ii) Terrace cultivation : Terrace cultivation restricts soil erosion.
(iii) Strip farming : Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind.
(iv) Shelter belts : Lines of trees are planted to create shelter which is called shelter belt. These shelter belts break the force of wind.
These shelter belts have important role for the stabilization of sand dunes and deserts in western India.

03. water resources:

02 Forest and Wildlife Resources

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03. water resources:

02 Forest and Wildlife Resources

01 Resources and development G

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