Smart Education: CBSE Social Science

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06. Manufacturing industries

दिसंबर 20, 2023 CBSE Social Science No comments

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.

Importance of manufacturing industries

Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular.

Manufacturing industries help in the modernization of agriculture.

Manufacturing industries reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

Industrial development helps in removal of unemployment and poverty.

Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much foreign exchange.

Classification of Industries

On the basis of source of raw materials used:

(i) Agro based : Industries in which agricultural products are used as raw materials.

Cotton, Woollen, jute, Silk textile, Rubber and Sugar, Tea, Coffee, Edible oil.

On the basis of their main role :-

(i) Basic or key industries - Those industries which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.

(ii) Consumer industries -Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

(ii) Mineral-based Industries
Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries. Iron and steel, Cement, Aluminium, Machine tools, Petrochemicals.

On the basis of capital investment:

(i) Small scale - If the investment is less than Rs one crore on any industry.

(ii) Large scale - If the investment is more than Rs's crore on any industry

On the basis of ownership:

(i) Public Sector - Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies.

Example - BHEL, SAIL

(ii) Private - Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals

Example - TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

(iii) Joint - Joint sector jointly owned by the state and individuals.

Example - Oil India Ltd etc.

(iv) Cooperative - Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

Example- sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala

On the basis of weight of raw material and finished goods : -

(i) Heavy Industries - These industries se heavy raw material and produce heavy goods such as iron and steel industry

(ii) light Industries - These industries use light raw material and produce light goods such as electrical industries.

Textile Industry: The textile industry contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation and foreign exchange earnings.

It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain

Cotton Textiles: The first cotton textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.

In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

Localisation fector : Availability of raw cotton, Market, Transport and accessible port facilities, Labour, Moist climate.

This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.

It provides employment to weavers, cotton farmers , mill workers , support chemicals, dye industry and engineering works.

Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not compete with the mill-made cloth from England

Spinning mills are centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and in mills.

The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers as a cottage industry.

The spinning mills are centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu

Jute Textiles

India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as an exporter after Bangladesh.

Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river, in a narrow belt.

The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).

Factors responsible for jute industries location in the Hugli basin

Proximity of the jute producing areas

Inexpensive transport

Abundant water for processing raw jute

Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states

Kolkata city provides further support banking, insurance ofport facilities.

Sugar Industry

India is the second largest sugar producing country in the world but ranks first in the production of gur and khandsari.

The raw material used in this industry is bulky, and in haulage its sucrose content reduces.

The sugar mills are located in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.

Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

This industry is seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector.

In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift in the southern and western states, especially in Maharashtra,This is because:

The sugar cane produced here has a higher sucrose content.

The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.

The cooperatives are more successful in these states

Iron and Steel Industry

The iron and steel industry is the basic industry because all the other industries depend on it for their machinery.

It is also considered heavy industry as raw material and finished goods are both heavy and bulky.

Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country 's development .

Iron ore, coking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1 in Iron and Steel Industry.

Manganes, is required to harden the steel.

Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.

Localisation fector :

Efficient transport network.

High grade raw materials in proximity.

Cheap labour.

Vast growth potential in the home market.

Aluminium Smelting

Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.

Bauxite is the ore of aluminum. which is a very bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.

Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat , malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals .

It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.

Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha , West Bengal, cha Hisgash , Maharashtra , UP, Kerala and TN :

Regular supply of power and assured source of raw material at the minimum cost are the two Prime factors for the location of ‘Aluminium Smelting’ industry

Prime factors for location of the industry.

Regular supply of electricity.

Assured source of raw material.

Chemical Industries

The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying.

Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.

The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.

Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs.

india produces organic and inorganic chemicals .

Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper) and caustic soda. These industries are widely spread over the country.

Automobile Industry

Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of good services and passengers.

Trucks, buses, cars, motor cycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres.

The industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and

Bengaluru.

Fertilizer Industry

The fertilizer industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (Urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).

Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserve of commercially

After the Green Revolution this industry expanded to several other parts of the country.

After the green revolution, the industry expanded . The major producers are Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, UP, Punjab and Kerala

Cement Industry

Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads, airports, dams and for other commercial establishments.

This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.

Cement industries arelocated plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry

This industry covers a wide range of products like transistor sets, television, telephone, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radar, computers and many other equipment.

Bengaluru is electronic capital of India.

The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.

Important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise.

The polluting industries also include thermal power plants

Air pollution

It is caused by the presence of high proportion of sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the air.

It is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories .

It causes respiratory problems

Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

Water pollution :

Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes discharged into rivers.

Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries are responsible for water pollution.

Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

Thermal pollution

Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer, birth defects and miscarriages

Noise pollution

Noise from industrial and construction activities, machinery, from equipment etc. contribute to noise pollution.

This type of pollution results in hearing impairment, increased heart rate, blood pressure and physiological effects .

Noise pollution results in irritation, stress, hearing impairment, increased heart rate, blood pressure and physiological effects.

Control of Environmental Degradation

(i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages

(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements

(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

(iv) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.

(v) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

(vi) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases

(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means.

This involves screening, grinding,flocculation and sedimentation.

(b) Secondary treatment by biological process

NTPC shows the way

NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001.

The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.

This has been possible through

(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and

upgrading existing equipment.

(b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.

(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.

(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

Which industry uses bauxite as a raw material ?
Aluminium smelting
Name the region which has maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.
Chota Nagpur plateau region
Name the river-basin where jute industries are concentrated in India.
Hugh river-basin.
Who of the set up the first Iron and Steel industry in India?
J.R.D. Tata
How is the chemical industry in India diversified? Explain
(i) It comprises both large- and small-scale manufacturing units.
(ii) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
Why has Aluminium metal has great importance
Aluminium is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat , malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals .
Examine any two major challenges faced by the sugar industry.
(i) The seasonal nature of the industry.
(ii) Old and inefficient methods of production.
Which two prime factors are important for the location of ‘Aluminium Smelting’ industry ?
(a) Regular and cheap supply of electricity.
(b) Assured source of raw material.
Why is the least cost known as decision making fector for ideal locations of an industry?
Least cost is the key factor that determines the location of an industry because industry tends to be located at a place where factors of production are either available or can be arranged at low cost.
How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced?
Or Explain the ways through which the industrial pollution of fresh water can be reduced
(i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
Why is Iron and Steel called as a Basic Industry? Explain
(i) The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry because all other industries are based on it.
(ii) The iron and steel Industry provide their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods.
How does noise pollution affect our health ? Explain
Noise pollution results in irritation and anger.
It also causes hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects.
Unwanted sounds are irritant and a source of stress.
How do industrial units cause air pollution ? Explain
(i) Industries that ignore pollution norms create air pollution.
(ii) Industrial units emit high proportion of sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide into the air.
(iii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories.
Suggest any three measures to reduce the water pollution.
(i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
(iii)Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
How do industries cause water pollution ? Explain.
Or How are industries responsible for polluting fresh water
Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes discharged into rivers.
Paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries are responsible for water pollution.
Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid waste in India.
How has the ever increasing number of industries in India made worse position by exerting pressure on existing fresh water resources ? Explain
(i) Industries are heavy users of water.
(ii) More demand of hydro electric power.
(iii) Industrial wastes and effluent are discharged into rivers causing water pollution.
(iv) Multiplying urban centres, due to industries, has caused pressure on water resources.
Explain with examples the interdependence of agriculture and industries.
Or Explain with example how do industries give boost to the agriculture sector
(i) The agro-industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
(ii) It provides irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers.
(iii) Industries depend on the agriculture for raw materials.
(iv) Industries help in transporting the goods produced.
Explain the classification of Industry on the basis of weight of raw material and finished goods with one example of each.
On the basis of weight of raw material and finished goods : -
(i) Heavy Industries - These industries use heavy raw material and produce heavy goods. such as iron and steel industry
(ii) light Industries - These industries use light raw material and produce light goods such as electrical industries.
Describe three major problems faced by the weaving and processing sectors in cotton textile industry.
(i) Fragmented small units of production
(ii) Irregular power supply
(iii) Lack of upgraded machinery
(iv) Low production of labour.
(v) Stiff competition with synthetic fiber industry
Why is aluminium smelting the second most important metallurgical industry in India?
(i) It is light and resistant to corrosion.
(ii) It is a good conductor of heat and malleable.
(iii) It becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
(iv) It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
(v) It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
Study the given flowchart and answer the questions that follow :

(1) Which is the basic material required for garment manufacturing ?
Raw Fibre.
(2) Give one example of value addition in the textile industry.
Spinning/ Weaving/ Dyeing/ Stitching and Finishing.
Describe any five factors responsible for the concentration of jute mills along the banks of the Hugli river.
Factors for the concentration of Jute Mills
(i) Proximity of the jute producing areas.
(ii) Inexpensive water transport.
(iii) Abundant water
(iv) Cheap and skilled labour
(v) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking and insurance facilities.
Describe any five factors responsible for the concentration of iron and steel industry in and around Chhotanagpur Plateau region.
Or Why has the ‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’ the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries ? Analyse the reasons.
(i) Low cost of Iron-ore.
(ii) High grade raw material in proximity.
(iii) Cheap labour.
(iv) Vast growth potential to the home market.
(v) Good transport connectivity.
(vi) Availability of water resources.
“The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.” Justify the statement
Or Explain the contribution of textile industry in the Indian economy.
(i) It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).
(ii) It provides jobs to many people (35 million persons ).
(iii) It is a major foreign exchange earner industry (about 24.6%).
(iv) It contributes 4 per cent to the GDP.
(v) This industry is self-reliant and complete in the value chain from raw materials to highest value added products.
Classify industries on the basis of their main role. How are they different from each other ?
On the basis of their main role :-
(i) Basic or key industries - Those industries which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods
Example iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
(ii) Consumer industries -Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers Example - sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.
How does industrial pollution harm the environment ?
(i) Unwanted gases emitted from industries cause air pollution.
(ii) Organic and inorganic industrial wastes cause water pollution.
(iii) Hot water from factories and thermal plants increases the temperature of water in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Noise generated from industrial activities, machinery, equipment etc. causes noise pollution.
Why was the cotton textile industry concentrated in the cotton growing belt in the early years ? Explain.
1) Availability of raw cotton-eg belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat.
2) Nearness to market.
3) Transport
4) Port facilities
5) Cheap labour
6) Moist climate
How has Information Technology affected Electronic Industry? Explain.
(i) The electronics industry covers a wide range of products.
(ii) This industry includes transistor sets, television, telephone, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radar, computers and many other equipment.
(iii) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of electronic industry.
(iv) It has enabled more productivity, quality of service and efficiency in the Electronic Industry.
How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced?
(i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases—
Primary treatment by mechanical means.
Secondary treatment by biological process.
Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes.
How has agriculture been the backbone of the Indian economy ?Explain.
(i) Agriculture gives employment- Two-third of India’s population engaged in agricultural activities.
(ii) Agriculture produces food for consumption.
(iii) Agriculture produces raw material for various industries.
(iv) Agriculture provides agricultural products for exports (E.g., Tea, coffee, spices)
(v) Agriculture contributes to the National Income
(vi) Agriculture contributes in GDP
Analyse the role of chemical industries in the Indian economy.
(i) It contributes approximately 3 % of the GDP.
(ii) The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
(iii) It compromises both large and small scale manufacturing units.
(iv) Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, and dye stuffs.
(v) Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics, adhesives, paints etc.
Classify industries on the basis of capital investment. How are they different from one another? Explain with examples.
Classification of the industries on the basis of capital investment:
(i) Small Scale industry
(ii)Large Scale industry
Difference:
If the investment is more than one crore on any industry is considered as a large scale industry for example Iron and Steel Industry/ Cement Industry. While the investment is less than one crore on an industry is considered as a small scale industry eg. Plastic industry, toy industry
Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources.
(i) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and
upgrading existing equipment.
(ii) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
(iii) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
(iv) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
(v) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
Suggest any three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India.
Or Suggest any five measures to control industrial pollution in India.
(i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(v) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(vi) Machinery and equipments can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.
(vii) Almost all machineries can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
Classify industries on the basis of sources of raw material.? How are they different from each other.?
Or Explain with examples any two differences between agro-based and mineral based industries.
On the basis of sources of raw material industries are classified as
A. Agro based industries
B. Mineral based industries
These industries are different from each other on following basis
A. Agro based industries –
(i) Agro-based industries use agricultural production as raw material.
(ii) Eg: Textiles – Cotton, Jute, Silk and Woolen.
(iii) They strengthen the economy of rural sector
B. Mineral based industries –
(i) Mineral Based Industries use minerals and metals as raw materials
(ii) Eg:- Iron and Steel , Cement , Machine tools , Petro chemicals etc
(iii) These industries require bulky and heavy raw material
Examine the importance of manufacturing industries for the Indian economy.
Or Why is the economic strength of a country measured by the development of manufacturing industries ? Explain with examples.
Or Explain the importance of manufacturing industries.
Or Why is manufacturing considered the backbone of evelopment ? Interpret the reason.
Or Analyse the role of the manufacturing sector in the economic development of India
(i) Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular.
(ii) Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture which is the backbone of our economy.
(iii) Manufacturing industries reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iv) Industrial development helps in removal of unemployment and poverty.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much foreign exchange.
(vi) The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
(vii) They increase the GDP/ National Income of the country
What is manufacturing sector ? Describe the four types of manufacturing sectors on the basis of ownership.
Or Classify economic activities into two sectors on the basis of ownership. Describe any two features of each sector.
Manufacturing Sector:
The sector in which production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing sector.
Four types of manufacturing sectors on the basis of ownership are—
(i) Public Sector - Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies.
Their main motive is public welfare
Example - BHEL, SAIL
(ii) Private - Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals
Their major motive is to earn profit
Example - TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
(iii) Joint - Joint sector jointly owned by the state and individuals.
Example - Oil India Ltd etc.
(iv) Cooperative - Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.
Example- sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala

05. Minerals and Energy Resources

दिसंबर 20, 2023 CBSE Social Science No comments

Minerals : Minerals are homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.

Minerals are found in various forms in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc.

Rocks are combinations of homogenous substances of minerals.

Some rocks consist of a single mineral, e.g., limestone while most of rocks consist of several minerals.

There is a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density found in minerals due to physical and chemical conditions.

Minerals are important for us as they are indispensable part of our lives

Almost all everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building all are made from minerals.

The food that we eat also contains minerals.

Human beings use mineral for decoration, religious and ceremonial rites since the early ages.

Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals.

The railway lines, tarmac of the roads, implements and machinery are made from minerals.

Mode of occurrenceof minerals

Ore : Minerals are usually found in “ores”.

Naturally occuring substances from which mineral can be extracted profitably called ore.

Minerals occur in various forms.

(i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.

The minerals occur in two forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks

(a) Veins (b) Lodes.

The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes.

Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.

(ii) In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers.

They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata.

Gypsum, potash and salt are formed as a result of evaporation, in arid regions.

Coal and some forms of iron ore are concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure.

(iii) Another method of formation of minerals involves the decomposition of surface rocks. After removal of soluble contents of rocks, leaving a residual rocks containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.

(iv) Certain minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills.These deposits are called ‘placer deposits. These minerals are not corroded by water.

Examole : Gold, Silver, Tin and Platinum.

(v) Ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, e.g., common salt, magnesium and bromide are largely derived from the ocean waters. The ocean beds are rich in manganese nodules.

Rat-Hole Mining - Coal mining in Jowai and Cherapunjee is done by family member in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat hole’

mining.

[I] Ferrous Minerals:

Ferrous minerals are those metallic minerals that contains iron

Ferrous minerals account for about three fourth of the total value of metallic minerals.

They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.

Iron ore and manganese are the major ferrous minerals.

Iron Ore:

Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development

Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70%.

Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used, but has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite (50-60%)

Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Jharkhand are the major iron ore producing states.

The major iron ore belts in India are:

Odisha-Jharkhand belt: Hematite ore is found in this belt

Odisha - Badampahar (District : Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar)

Jharkhand - Gua and Noamundi (District : Singbhum)

Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt : (Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra) Hematite ore is found in this belt

Chhattisgarh - Bailadila range of hills ( District : Bastar )

Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.

Ballari-Chitradurga-ChikkamagaluruTumakuru belt - (Karnataka)

Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka

The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to Mangaluru port.

Maharashtra-Goa belt -It includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.

Manganese

Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints

[II] Non-Ferrous Minerals:

Non-ferrous minerals are those minerals that they do not contain iron

India’s reserves and production of non ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory.

These minrals play a vital role in metallurgy, engineering, and electrical industries.

Example : Bauxite, Lead, Gold.

Copper:

Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor, and is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.

The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and

Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper

Bauxite:

Bauxite is a ore of aluminium.

It is a clay-like substance that alumina and later aluminium is obtained.

It is a clay-like substance from which alumina is extracted and later aluminium is obtained from alumina.

Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium silicates.

Aluminium is an important metal because it has iron-like strength, extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability

India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni

Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state in India

Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.

Non-Metallic Minerals

Mica:

It is made up of a series of plates or leaves.

It splits easily into such thin sheets that if thousand of sheets are put together, it makes only a few centimeters thick.

Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.

It's deposits are found in the northern edge of Chhota Nagpur Plateau.

Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand, Ajmer (Rajasthan), and Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh are important producer of mica.

Limestone:

It is a type of rock mineral found in sedimentary rocks.

It is composed of calcium carbonates and magnesium carbonates.

It is a basic raw material for manufacturing of cement.

It is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

HAZARDS OF MINING

What are the impacts of mining on the health of the miners and the environment?

The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.

The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.

The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners.

Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil, and increase in stream and river pollution.

Conservation of minerals

Mineral resources are being rapidly consumed which takes millions of years to be created and concentrated.

Mineral resources are finite and non –renewable.

Industry and agriculture strong dependent on minerals.

The process of mineral formation is very slow.

The rate of replenishment of minerals is infinitely small in comparison to rate of consumption.

Methods to conserve :-

Minerals should be used in a planned and sustainable manner.

Improved technologies need to be evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low cost.

Recycling of metals using scrap metals.

Energy Resources

Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity.

Energy resources can be classified as conventional and non-conventional sources.

Conventional sources include: firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hydel and thermal).

They take million of years to form again; thus, they are finite and nonrenewable.

Non-conventional sources include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.

They are freely available, thus they are renewable

Firewood and cattle dung cake are most common in rural India.

More than 70 % energy requirement in rural households is met by these two, but continuation of these is increasingly becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area. Moreover, using dung cake too is being discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture

Conventional sources of energy

Coal:

In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.

It is used for power generation, to supply energy for industrial and domestic needs.

It is an indispensable raw material for iron and steel industry.

Four types of coal :

Anthracite- It is the highest quality hard coal. It contains highest percentage of carbon.

Bituminous- It is the most popular coal in commercial use. High grade bituminous coal(Metallurgical coal) is used in metallurgy.

Bituminous coal has a special value for smelting iron.

Lignite- It is a low grade brown coal

It is soft with high moisture content.

The main lignite reserve is Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.

Peat- It has a low carbon and high moisture content.

It has low heating capacity.

Occurrence of coal:

Gondwana Coal Belt—A little over 200 million years in age.

Mainly metallurgical coal is found in

(i) Damodar Valley Belt (West Bengal, Jharkhand) which contains important coal mines of Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro

(ii) The Godavari Valley Belt

(iii) The Mahanadi Valley Belt

(iv) Wardha Valley Belt.

Tertiary coal deposits are only about 55 million years old,

They occur in North-Eastern States Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland

Petroleum

Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal

It can be easily trans-ported by pipelines and does not leave any residue.

It provides fuel for heat and light, lubricants for machinery and raw material for a number of manufacturing industries

Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile,

fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.

Occurrence of Petrol in India:

Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.

In regions of folding anticlines it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold.

The oil bearing layer is porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow.

Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.

Mumbai High—It is an offshore oilfield and is the richest oilfield of India. Its share is about 63% of India’s petroleum production.

Gujarat produces 18% and Assam 16%.

Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat. Assam is the oldest oil producing state of India. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state.

Natural Gas

It is a clean energy resource as it gives out very little carbon and pollutants on burning.

Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface.

It is used as a domestic and industrial fuel, as cooking fuel (PNG) and as transport fuel (CNG).

It is used as fuel in power sector to generate electricity, for heating purpose in industries, as raw material in chemical, petrochemical and fertilizer industries, as transport fuel and as cooking fuel.

The offshore region of the Krishna- Godavari basin has the largest amount of natural gas currently available in India.

It is also available in Mumbai high, Andaman and Nicobar islands

Hazira-VijaipurJagdishpur (HVJ) gas pipeline, constructed by GAIL (India) is the first gas pipeline of india which is 1,700 km long.

Electricity

Electricity is generated mainly in two ways:

Non-conventionally, by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro electricity and Conventionally, by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce thermal electricity.

Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water, which is a renewable resource.

India has a number of multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project etc. producing hydroelectric power.

Thermal electricity is generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity

Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

Nuclear or Atomic Energy

Nuclear energy is obtained by altering the structure of atom.

When the structure of an atom is altered, too much energy is released in the form of heat. This heat is utilised to generate electric power.

Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic or nuclear power.

These minerals are available in Jharkhand, Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan.

The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium

Solar Energy

India is a tropical country, it has enormous possibilities of solar energy.

Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity.

The use of solar energy will be able to minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes.

This will also help in conservation of fossil fuels.

The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj.

Wind power

India has great potential of wind power

Wind is utilised to rotate large windmills to generate energy.

The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai.

Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have important wind farms. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country..

Biogas

Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.

It is more efficient than kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.

Biogas plants can be set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels.

The plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India.

These provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.

It prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.

Tidal Energy

Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity.

Floodgate dams are built across inlets. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed.

Once the tide recedes, the floodgates are opened so that water can flow back to the sea.

The flow of water is used to run the turbine to generate electricity.

In India the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat on the western coast and Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy

Geo Thermal Energy

Geo thermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth.

We know that the inside of the earth is very hot. At some places, this heat is released on the surface through fissures.

Groundwater in such areas becomes hot and rises up in the form of steam. This steam is used to drive turbines.

Two geo thermal energy projects have been setup in India- the Parvati valley near Manikam in Himachal Pradesh and the Puga valley in Ladakh

Conservation of Energy Resources

Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.

Every sector of the national economy – agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic – needs inputs of energy.

The economic development plans implemented since Independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational.

As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country.

Conservatio of Energy Resources

There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.

Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.

We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of limited energy resources.

Using more of public transport system instead of individual vehicles.

Switching off electrical devices when not in use, using power saving devices.

Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar energy, wind energy, etc.

Getting the power equipment regularly checked to detect damages and

leakages.

At which place in India, experimental project for geothermal energy has been Set-up?
Manikaran.
What is hematite?
Hematite is the most important iron ore
Which state of India is the largest producer of Bauxite?
Odisha
Name the gulf that provides ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy in India.
Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat
Which is the oldest oil producing state of ‘ India?
Assam.
What is biogas energy?
Bio gas is produced from shrubs, farm waste, animal and human wastes.
Name any one nuclear power station found in India.
Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu.
Which is the highest petroleum-producing area in India?
Mumbai High
Name the minerals formed in beds and layers.
Coal, and some forms of iron ore.
Which industries uses bauxite as a raw material ?
Aluminium smelting
How is iron-ore transported from Kudremukh mines to a port near Mangaluru ?
Iron- ore is transported as slurry through pipelines.
Why are there a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density found in minerals?
Due to physical and Chemical conditions
Why are minerals are important for us.
Minerals are important for us as they are indispensable part of our lives.
Which rock consists single mineral only
Limestone
Why should the use of cattle cake as fuel be discouraged ?
(i) It consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture.
(ii) It creates pollution.
How did the Bailadila Iron ore field get its name ?
The Bailadila hills look like the hump of an ox, hence Bialadila iron- ore field get to its name
How does mining affect the health of miners ?
The dust and the noxious fumes inhaled by the mineral makes them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
What are the two types of minerals according to occurrence in igneous and metamorphic rocks ?
Two types of minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks
(a)Veins (b)Lodes
How do minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Or Where do minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks ?
In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.
What is a mineral?
Minerals are homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.
How power resources are classified?
Power resources may be broadly categorised into conventional and non-conventional resources.
Which are the two main minerals used to obtain nuclear energy? Name any two states where these minerals are found.
Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic or nuclear power. They are available in Jharkhand and Rajasthan.
What are placer deposits?
Certain mineral deposits that occur in sands of valley floors and the base of the hills as alluvial deposits are called placer deposits.
Explain any one difference between ferrous minerals and non-ferrous minerals.
Ferrous minerals are those metallic minerals that contains iron on the other hand, non-ferrous minerals are those minerals that they do not contain iron.
How are ‘Gobar Gas Plants’ beneficial to the farmers
‘Gobar Gas Plants’ are beneficial to the farmers in the form of energy and improved quality of manure.
How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks?
In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata.
What are conventional sources of energy?
Conventional sources of energy generally nonrenewable sources of energy which have been in common use for a long time. Example: firewood, coal, natural gas, etc.
Why is consumption of energy rising all over India?
(i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
(ii) Rising incomes and improving standards of living.
(iii) Economic development, rising population and technological developments.
Why is mica considered the most important mineral in electric and electronic industries? Give three reasons.
or How is mica one of the most indispensable minerals ? Explain any three points.
It has excellent dielectric in strength and low power loss factor.
It has insulating properties
It has resistance to high voltage.
Name the non-metallic mineral which can split easily into thin sheets. Mention its uses.
Mica is the non-metallic mineral which can be split easily into thin sheets.
Mica is used in electric and electronic industries
Plastic industry uses mica as an extender and filler.
Why is sustainable energy key to sustainable development?
(i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
(ii) Every sector of the national economy- agriculture, industry,
transport, commercial and domestic- needs inputs of energy.
(iii) Sustenance of future depends upon conservation of energy in all realms.
Describe any three features of ferrous minerals found in India Features of Ferrous Minerals
(i) The metallic minerals having iron content are called Ferrous Minerals
(ii) Ferrous minerals account for about three fourth of the total value of the production of metallic minerals.
(iii) They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.
(iv) Iron ore and manganese are the major ferrous minerals.
'Consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and energy saving'. Suggest and explain any three measures to solve this burning problem.
(i) Using more of public transport system instead of individual vehicles.
(ii) Switching off electrical devices when not in use.
(iii) Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar energy, wind energy, etc.
(iv) Getting the power equipment regularly checked to detect damages and leakages.
Differentiate between anthracite and bituminous coal on the basis of quality.
Anthracite
(i) Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
(ii) It is the most valuable in heat and price
(iii) Anthracite coal contains more than 80% carbon.
Bituminous
(i) It is lower grade and soft than anthracite coal.
(ii) It is the most popular coal in commercial use.
(iii) Bituminous coal has a special value for smelting iron
How can biogas solve the energy problem mainly in rural India ? Give your suggestions.
(i ) There is sufficient availability of raw material for biogas in rural India.
(ii) It reduce the burden on conventional sources of energy.
(iii) It is a renewable source of energy.
(iv) It is eco-friendly source of energy
(v) Model structures should be introduced by government agencies at subsidised rate
(vi ) Awareness should be created among rural people about biogas.
Name all the six nuclear power stations of India.
(i) Narora nuclear power station
(ii) Kakrapara nuclear power station.
(iii) Tarapur nuclear power station.
(iv) Kaiga nuclear power station.
(v) Kalpakkam nuclear power station.
(vi) Rawat Bhata nuclear power station.
‘‘Minerals are unevenly distributed in India.’’ Support the statement with examples.
Minerals are unevenly distributed in India:
(i) Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal , metallic , minerals, mica and many other non metallic minerals.
(ii) Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of peninsula in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits.
(iii) Rajasthan with the rock system of the peninsula has reserves of many –ferrous minerals. The vast alluvial plains of North India are almost derived of economic minerals.
Which are the two types of iron ore found in India ? Write two features of each.
Two types of iron ore
(i) Hematite (ii) Magnetite
Features -Magnetite
(i) Magnetite is the finest iron ore.
(ii) It has high variety content of iron to 70%
Features -Hematite
(i) Hematite – is the most important industrial ore in terms of its quantity.
(ii) It has 50 to 60 % iron.
Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India ? Assess the importance of its different forms
Abundantly available fossil fuel in India is Coal
(i) Peat- It has a low carbon and high moisture content. It has low heating capacity.
(ii) Lignite- It is a low grade brown coal which is soft with high moisture
content.
(iii) Bituminous- It is the most popular coal in commercial use. High grade bituminous coal(Metallurgical coal) is used in metallurgy.
(iv) Anthracite- is the highest quality hard coal. It contains highest percentage of carbon.
“Minerals are indispensible part of our lives.” Support the statement with examples.
(i) Almost all everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building all are made from minerals.
(ii) The food that we eat also contains minerals.
(iii) Human beings use mineral for decoration, religious and ceremonial rites since the early ages.
(iv) Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals.
(v) The railway lines, tarmac of the roads, implements and machinery are made from minerals.
How can solar energy solve the energy problem to some extent in India ? Give your opinion
(i) India is a tropical country, it has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy..
(iii) Government should educate the people for maximum use of solar Energy.
(iii) Government should give incentives and promote solar energy production in India.
(iv) The use of solar energy will be able to minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes.
(v) It will contribute to environmental conservation.
(vi) Use of Solar Energy will reduce the pressure on conventional sources of energy.
Explain the importance of conservation of minerals. Highlight any three measures to conserve them.
(i) Mineral resources are being rapidly consumed which takes millions of years to be created and concentrated.
(ii) Mineral resources are finite and non –renewable.
(iii) Industry and agriculture strong dependent on minerals.
Methods to conserve :-
(i) Minerals should be used in a planned and sustainable manner.
(ii) Improved technologies need to be evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low cost.
(iii)Recycling of metals using scrap metals.
How is the mining activity is injurious to the health of the miners and environment ?
(i)The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.
(ii) The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.
(iii) The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant threat to miners.
(iv) Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil, and increase in stream and river pollution.
Why is energy needed? How can we conserve energy resources Explain.
Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles and to drive machinery in industries.
Conservation of Energy Resources
(i) There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.
(ii) Promotion of energy conservation.
(iii) Increase use of renewable energy resources.
(iv) Judicious use of energy resources.
(v) Use of public transport system.
(vi) Switching off electrical gadgets when not in use.
Differentiate between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals, with examples.
Ferrous Minerals
(i) Ferrous minerals are those metallic minerals that contains iron
(ii) Ferrous minerals account for about three fourth of the total value of metallic minerals.
(iii) These minrals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries.
(iv) Example : Iron and manganese
Non-ferrous minerals
(i) Non-ferrous minerals are those minerals that they do not contain iron
(ii) India’s reserves and production of non ferrous minerals is not very satisfactory.
(iii)These minrals play a vital role in metallurgy, engineering, and electrical industries.
(iv) Example : Bauxite, Lead, Gold.

04. Agriculturally G

दिसंबर 19, 2023 CBSE Social Science No comments

India is an agricultural country. Which two-thirds population engaged in agricultural activities.

Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces food for consumption and raw material for industries.

Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported.

Types of agriculature

1. Primitive Subsistence Farming :

It is the oldest form of agriculture which is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.

This type of farming depends upon monsoon and natural fertility of the soil.

The farmer does not use fertilisers or other modern inputs in this farmming.

Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low.

It is also known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture or shifting cultivation.

In this cultivation, farmers clear a patch of land by cutting trees and bushes and burn them. The ash that remained after burning acts as fertilizer for the soil. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift to another patch of land.

Different Names of Slash and Burn Farming:

1. Slash and Burn Farming in India

Jhumming : North-eastern region (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland)

Pamlou : Manipur

Dipa : Bastar (Chhattisgarh) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Bewar or Dahiya : Madhya Pradesh

Podu or Penda : Andhra Pradesh

Pama Dabi or Koman or Bringa : Orissa

Kumari : Western Ghats

Valre or Waltre : South eastern Rajasthan

Khil : Himalayan belt

Kuruwa : Jharkhand

2. Slash and Burn Farming in World

Milpa : Mexico and Central America

Conuco : Venezuela

Roca : Brazil

Masole : Central Africa

Ladang : Indonesia

Ray : Vietnam

2. Intensive Subsistence Farming :

Intensive subsistence is a labour intensive farming where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production. .

It is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land.

It is a labour intensive farming,

High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.

In this type of farming crops are grown for family consumption.

Commercial Farming

Commercial farming is a farming in which crop production is done for commercial pupose.

This type of farming uses higher doses of modern inputs such as high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides to obtain higher productivity.

It is practiced on large patches of land.

it is a capitalistic technique.

Farms are very large in this type farming

The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another.

For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.

Plantation :

Plantation is a type of commercial farming in which the focus is on the production of one crop only.

In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.

The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.

It is capital intensive farming and done with the help of migrant labour.

All the produce of Plantation is used as raw material in respective industries.

In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc., are important plantation crops.

A well developed network of transport and communication plays an important role in the development of plantations.

Cropping Pattern

Rabi crops : Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. (October to march)

Example : wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.

Wheat is the major crop of rabi.

Kharif crops : Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-October.(June to september)

Example : paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.

Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in a year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro.

Zaid crops :

In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a short season during the summer months known as the Zaid season.

Zaid crops are grown in zaid season mainly from March to June.

Example: watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.

Major Crops

Rice:

It is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India.

Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.

Climatic/geographical conditions required for rice :

It is a kharif crop

High temperature, (above 25°C)

High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.

It is possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall (Punjab and Haryana) with the help of irrigation

Main growing regions:

Northern plains, northeastern India, Coastal areas, deltaic plains and river valleys.

Wheat: This is the second most important cereal crop.

It is the main food crop, in north and north-western part of the country.

Climatic/geographical conditions required for wheat:

It is rabi crop.

It requires a cool season to grow and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.

It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall.

Main growing regions:

There are two important wheat-growing zones in the india –

(i) The Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west

(ii) Black soil region of the Deccan.

The major wheat-producing states are Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan.

Millets: Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets. They have very high nutritional value.

Bajra : Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Major Bajra producing States are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.

Jowar : Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production.

It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs irrigation. Major Jowar producing States are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Ragi : Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrient

Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils.

Major ragi producing states are: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.

Maize: It is a crop which is used both as food and fodder.

It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C

It grows well in old alluvial soil.

In Bihar maize is grown in rabi season also.

Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Pulses: India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world.

These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.

Major pulses that are grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram.

Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.

Being leguminous crops, all these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops.

Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka.

Sugarcane:

India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil. It is the main source of sugar, gur (jaggary), khandsari and molasses.

It is a tropical and subtropical crop.

It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to

27°C and an annual rainfall between 75cm.and 100cm.

Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall.

The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

Oil Seeds: Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.

Oil seeds are grown covering approximately 12 per cent of the total cropped area of the country.

Most of oil seeds are edible and used as cooking mediums.

Some of oil seeds are used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.

Groundnut is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the major oilseeds produced in the country.

Largest producer of groundnut in the world after China

Gujarat is the largest producer of groundnut followed by Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Linseed and mustard are rabi crops.

Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India. Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.

Tea: Tea cultivation is plantation agriculture.

It is an important beverage crop

It introduced in India by the British.

Today, most of the tea plantations are owned by Indians.

The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates

The tea plant grows well in deep and fertile , well-drained , rich in humus and organic matter soil.

Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.

Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.

Tea is a labour-intensive industry.

It requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour.

Major teaproducing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

In 2018 India was the second largest producer of tea after China.

Coffee: Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.

Arabica variety of coffee is produced in India which was brought from Yemen.

Initially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even today its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Horticulture Crops:

Horticulture is specialized cultivation of fruits and vegetables

India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world after China.

India is a producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.

Mangoes - Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal,

Oranges - Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)

Bananas - Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu

Lichi and Guava - Uttar Pradesh and Bihar,

Pineapples - Meghalaya, grapes of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra,

Apples, Pears, Apricots and Walnuts - Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh

Rubber : It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas.

It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. and temperature above 25°C.

Rubber is an important industrial raw material.

It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.

Fibre Crops: Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India. The first three are derived from the crops grown in the soil, the latter is obtained from cocoons of the silkworms fed on green leaves specially mulberry.

Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.

Cotton: India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant. Cotton is one of the main raw materials for cotton textile industry.

India is second largest producer of cotton after China.

Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.

It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost-free days and bright sun-shine for its growth.

It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.

Major cotton-producing states are– Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

Jute: It is known as the golden fibre.

Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year.

High temperature is required during the time of growth.

West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.

It is used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts. Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon.

Technological and Institutional Reforms

(i) Land reforms: Collectivisation consolidation of holdings cooperation and abolition of zamindari.

(ii) Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution (Operation Flood).

(iii) Land development programmes(1980s and 1990s) : Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone etc. establishment of Grameen banks Cooperative societies and banks for providing loans.

(iv) Kissan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are introduced by the Government of India

(v) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on radio and TV.

(vi) Government announces Minimum Support Price (MSP) and remunerative and procurement prices to check exploitation of farmers

Bhoodan – Gramdan

Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir.

Once, when he was delivering a lecture at Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poor landless villagers demanded some land for their economic well-being. Vinoba Bhave could not promise it to them immediately but assured them to talk to the Government of India regarding provision of land for them if they undertook cooperative farming.

Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among 80 land-less villagers. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’.

Some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan. This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also known as the Blood-less Revolution.

Which crop have very high nutritional value.
Millets
Name the important millets grown in India.
Jowar, Bajra and Ragi.
India is the largest producer as well as consumer of which agricultural product in the world?
Pulses.
Name the important beverage crop introduced by the British in India.
Tea
In which type of soil does maize grow well?
Old alluvial.
Which crop is used both as food and fodder?
Maize.
Which is the leading coffee producer state in India?
Karnataka.
Name any four oilseeds produced in India.
(i) Groundnut (ii) Mustard (iii) Coconut (iv) Sesamun
Which state is the largest producer of ragi?
Karnataka.
Which is the main food crop grown in north and northwestern parts of India.
Wheat
What term is used for grouping of small land holdings with bigger ones?
Consolidation of land holdings
Name the two most important staple food crops in India.
Two most important staple food crops in India are rice and wheat.
Which crop is known as golden fibre?
Jute.
By which other name is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture known?

Primitive subsistence farming/jhumming
Name the country in which Jhumming agriculture is known as Milpa?
Mexico
Describe ‘Jhumming cultivation’ in one sentence.
‘Slash and burn’ cultivation in North- Eastern states of India.
Which type of farming is intensive subsistence farming?
Labour intensive farming.
Hoe, dao, digging sticks are associated with which type of farming?
Primitive subsistence farming.
In which country the ‘slash and burn’ agriculture is known as ‘Roca’?
Brazil.
Name a variety of coffee which is produced in India.
Arabica
Name the crops for which India is the largest producer in the world.
Fruits and vegetables, oilseeds and pulses
Name some industries based on agricultural raw material.
Cotton Textile Industry and Sugar Industry.
In which system of agriculture, a single crop is grown on a large area?
Plantation agriculture.
Name some plantation crops.
Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane and banana.
Which crop is grown with the onset monsoons and are harvested in the month of September and October?
Kharif.
Name any two kharif crops.
Rice, millet, maize, groundnut, jute, cotton.
Which crop is the major crop of rabi?
Wheat
Name some rabi crops.
Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
Which two areas of India produce oranges mainly?
Nagpur (Maharashtra) and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)
By which name is specialized cultivation of fruits and vegetables known?
Horticulture.
Which country is the first largest producer of rice?
China
What is sericulture ?
Rearing of silkworms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.
Name the states where three crops of paddy are grown in a year. What are they known as?
Assam, West Bengal and Odisha
These crops of paddy are known as Aus, Aman and Boro.
What is Zaid Season?
In between the rabi and kharif seasons, there is a short season during the summer months known as ‘zaid’ season.
What is White Revolution related to?
White Revolution is related to the production of milk. It is also called Operation Flood
Write the various uses Jute.
It can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artifacts.
What is primitive subsistence farming ?
It is a type of agriculture / farming which is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools.
Name the two important wheat growing zones in India.
(i) The Ganga-Satluj plains in the north-west
(ii) Black soil region of the Deccan.
Give at least one example of crops which may be commercial in one region and may provide subsistence in another region?
Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but it is a subsistence crop in Odisha.
Explain any two geographical conditions required for the cultivation of pulses.
(i) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
(ii) Temperature is required from 25°C to 30°C
Why the pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops? Name any two major pulse producing states?
Being leguminous crops, all these crops help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops.
Major pulse producing states - Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
Describe the uses of oilseeds? Which state is the largest producer of groundnut?
Most of oil seeds are edible and used as cooking mediums.
Some of oil seeds are used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.
Gujarat is the largest producer of groundnut.
Give an account of oilseeds in India.
Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.
Oil seeds are grown covering approximately 12 per cent of the total cropped area of the country.
Most of oil seeds are edible and used as cooking mediums.
Some of oil seeds are used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.
“The Government of India has introduced various institutional and technological reforms to improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s”. Support this statement with examples.
in the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development programme was initiated, which included both institutional and technical reforms.
Crop insurance was provided against drought, floods, cyclone, fire and disease
Establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
Which are the two main cropping seasons in India? Mention their growing and harvesting periods.
The two main cropping seasons are Rabi and Kharif:
(i) Rabi crops : Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June.
(ii) Kharif crops : Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-October.
What geographical conditions are required for the cultivation of sugarcane? Name two largest producing states of sugarcane.
(i) It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop.
(ii) It requires a hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C.
(iii) It requires an annual rainfall between 75 to 100 cm.
It can be grown on a variety of soils.
Largest producing states: Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra
What are the growing conditions required for the main staple food crop of India? Mention the main growing regions.
Growing conditions required for rice:
(i) It is a Kharif crop.
(ii)High temperature (above 25°C).
(iii) High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
Main growing regions: Northern plains, northeastern India, Coastal areas, deltaic plains and river valleys.
Mention any two geographical conditions required for the growth of maize crop in India. Describe any three factors which have contributed to increase in maize production.
Geographical conditions required for the growth of maize crop in India:
(i) It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C
(ii) It grows well in old alluvial soil.
Factors which have contributed to increase in maize production:
Use of HYV seeds.
Use of fertilizers.
Use of irrigation facilities.
What is intensive subsistence farming? Write three features of intensive farming.
Intensive subsistence is a labour intensive farming where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production. .
Features of intensive farming:
(i) It is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land.
(ii) It is a labour intensive farming.
(iii) The per hectare yield is very high.
Explain any five features of primitive subsistence agriculture in India.
(i) It is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools.
(ii) The farmer does not use fertilisers or other modern inputs in this farmming.
(iii) This type of farming depends upon monsoon and natural fertility of the soil.
(iv) Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low.
(v) Tools which are used are basically traditional tools such as hoe, dao and digging stick.
What is the importance of agriculture in Indian economy?
(i) Contribution to Employment : Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy, which two-thirds population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture.
(ii) Contribution to GDP : Agriculture contributes a very large share to GDP of the indian economy
(iii)Contribution to international trade : It plays an important role in international trade . Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are exported.
(iv) Supplier of raw material for industries : Agriculture provides raw material for industries
Describe any four geographical conditions required for the growth of tea. Mention the two major tea producing states of South India.
1. The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates
2. The tea plant grows well in deep and fertile , well-drained , rich in humus and organic matter soil.
3. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the year.
4. Tea bushes require rfequent showers throughout the year.
Major tea producing states of South India. - Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
Describe the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of cotton. Which are the two major cotton producing states of North India
Geographical conditions required for the cultivation of cotton:
(i) It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.
(ii) It grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau.
(iii) It requires high temperature.
(iv) It requires light rainfall or irrigation.
(v) It requires 210 frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
Major cotton producing states of North India : Panjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh
Explain Rubber cultivation in India under the following heads:
a. Importance b. Geographical conditions c. Producing states.
(i) Importance: Rubber is an important industrial raw material.
(ii) Geographical conditions:
It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions it is also grown in tropical and sub tropical areas.
It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. and temperature above 25°C.
(iii) Rubber producing states : Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.
Wheat and rice farming in India are fairly different from each other. Explain.
Wheat : It is a rabi crop.
It requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall.
It requires Low temperature (about 10-15° C).
It is Sown in the winter.

Rice: It is a kharif crop.
It requires Above 100 cm of annual rainfall.
It requires Low temperature (about 10-15° C).
It is Sown after the onset of monsoon.
Compare the geographical conditions required for the production of cotton and jute.
Cotton : It grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil grows
It Grown in deccan plateau.
It requires 210 frost free days and bright sunshine
It requires light rainfall (50 – 100 cm.)
Major cotton-producing states are– Maharashtra, Gujarat
Jute : It grows well on well-drained fertile soils
It Grown in the flood plains
It requires high temperature.(30°C)
It requires near about 150 - 200 cm. rainfall
Major jute producing states : West Bengal
Define plantation agriculture. Explain any four characteristics of plantation agriculture.
Plantation is a type of commercial farming in which the focus is on the production of one crop only.
Characteristics:
(i) A single crop is grown over large area.
(ii) It is capital intensive farming and done with the help of migrant labour.
(iii) All the produce of Plantation is used as raw material in industries
(iv) The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
(v) A well developed network of transport and communication plays an important role in the plantation agriculture.
Distinguish between primitive subsistence farming and commercial farming by stating five points of distinction.
1. Primitive subsistence farming is practised on small patches of land Whereas commercial farming is practiced on large patches of land.
2. Traditional tools are used in primitive subsistence farming. Whereas modern inputs and technology are used in commercial farming.
3. In primitive subsistence farming crops are grown for family consumption. Whereas in commercial farming crops are grown for commercial purpose.
4. Primitive subsistence farming iis the oldest form of agriculture. Whereas commercial farming is the newest form of agriculture
5. In primitive subsistence farming no costly fertilisers are used Whereas in commercial farming costly fertilisers are used.
Compare intensive subsistence farming with that of commercial farming practiced in India.
1. Intensive subsistence agriculture is a labour intensive farming. Whereas commercial farming is mechanized farming
Intensive Subsistence Farming
2. Intensive subsistence agriculture is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land.Whereas commercial farming is practiced in areas of low population pressure on land
3. In intensive subsistence farming crops are grown for family consumption. Whereas in commercial farming crops are grown for commercial purpose.
4. In intensive subsistence farming per hectare yield is very high. Whereas in commercial farming the per hectare yield is low.
5. In intensive subsistence farming the size of fields is small. Whereas in commercial farming the size of fields is large.
Explain any five institutional and technical reforms brought by the government to improve the condition of Indian Agriculture (increase the productivity of agriculture)
(i) Land reforms: Collectivisation consolidation of holdings cooperation and abolition of zamindari.
(ii) Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution (Operation Flood).
(iii) Land development programmes(1980s and 1990s) : Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone etc. establishment of Grameen banks Cooperative societies and banks for providing loans.
(iv) Kissan Credit Card (KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are introduced by the Government of India
(v) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on radio and TV.
(vi) Government announces Minimum Support Price (MSP) and remunerative and procurement prices to check exploitation of farmers

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